Well folks, after staying in GO64!  9/97 a lot about interrupt programming
 have experienced on the SuperCPU, it works now full to the point: Up to 16 MB
 Ram on the Commodore 64 - and just waiting to be fully exploited.
 How to address the memory and you can learn more here.


 First, you have to make clear how the new memory is present: as directly
 addressable namely Ram.  That is, after $ FFFF is not the end!  In
 SuperCPU processor is the highest possible address namely $ FFFFFF - to
 Addressing three bytes are now used as before the low and high byte,
 and additionally the bank byte.  The first address after $ 00FFFF is therefore
 $ 010 000 - one could describe it as an address 0 in Bank 1.  Each
 Memory bank contains 64K, where everything is addressed linearly.


 The structure

 As we all know it, we have the memory of $ 0000 - $ FFFF, and it for the
 SuperCPU actually $ 000 000 - $ 00FFFF is.  The Bank byte of the now
 24-bit wide Program Counter is namely when it is switched on
 set to zero.  Maybe you have ever heard it somewhere: The SuperCPU
 in itself has 128K memory.  This namely the Eprom chip not
 Speed ??brakes, the entire operating system from there is the
 Switching copied into Ram's - in the other 64K that is not for us
 are achievable.  Or rather, not very accessible - because this Ram
 is from $ 010,000 - $ 01FFFF to find!  Cell is filled in a loop in this area,
 the C64 will Helmets: then, as the Rome - or better said Ram - yes
 is now empty.  With a SuperRAM card however is from $ 020 000 to the new storage
 free.  With a 1 MB Simm you now have exactly 1 MB of memory - the last
 Address is $ 0FFFFF.  Some will have perhaps already noticed: It has
 not 64K or 128K + 1 MB to as Bank 0 and 1 already from the internal SRAM of the
 SuperCPU are occupied. 


 And how do you get it?

 In order to pack data into the RAM and get out of there, you have no
 Enter complicated chains of command, or the like.  For example, a # $ 20 for
 Address to write $ 058100, a sufficient


 LDA # $ 20

 STA 058 100 USD


 That's it!  The value is landed in the memory.  To him from there
 to pick up again, you only need a LDA instruction.  If we, for example, a color
 want to fetch from a table from $ 03A000, could you implement it this way:


 LDX # $ 00

 LDA $ 03A000, X

 STA $ D020


 Well, it's that simple - and that you need not even in native mode
 to be!  The need (you remember) only turn on when
 you want to use 16-bit - of course work, the so-called
 'Long' addressing (with the address of 3 bytes) even if the registers on
 16 bits.  Actually, the part of the course could end up here again -
 Finally, you know now how to use the new store, right?  :-)

 But the SuperCPU would be no Herself (Hm? Did she conscious? The
 would be worthy of discussion ...) if there is not all sorts of other great
 Features drinsteckten that have to do with the memory of the SuperRAM Card.


 About the Zero Page

 Because if you codet a while, you will sooner or later stumble over it,
 that an address in a bank other than 0 in a Zero Page (Direct
 Page, as we know recently - the page must indeed no longer at $ 0000
 lie) would like to store pointers.  Usually done on the SuperCPU
 yes, for example, so (assuming we are in 16 bit mode):


 LDA # $ 5000 

 STA $ FC


 And you've got the # $ 00 into $ FC and # $ 50 into $ FD and can then over LDA
 ($ FC), Y (or on the SuperCPU yes even without, Y) access to the address.
 Cleverly, knows the 65816 processor, the address located in bank 0
 should - which is now only one clear.  But what now if the address eg in
 Bank 2 is?  For this, there's the new special 3-byte pointer.  Of course,
 needs of the Direct Page 3 memory locations - but it comes with it
 to each byte in the entire 16-Mbyte address space (and one can with
 have available the SuperRAM card completely).  Suppose we want to indirectly
 access to address $ 020 000 - here's how:


 STZ $ FC

 STZ $ FD

 LDA # $ 02

 STA $ FE

 LDY # $ 05

 LDA [$ FC], Y


 Add $ FC is the low byte of our address here 0 (hence the STZ), also
 the high byte is 0, so we would have $ to 0000.  Then follows the bank byte, $ 02, it
 results in the address $ 020 thousandth  In the Y-register, we pack a 5, and the
 next LDA then fetches the value from address $ 020 005!  As you can see, the
 Guys from Western Design Center when developing the processor again 100%
 the concept of 6502 followed - this type of addressing is actually the
 logical extension of the previous structure.

 Thus we have the following two standard possibilities at your disposal, either
 directly (via the address) or indirectly (via a pointer in the
 ZERO / Direct Page) to access the memory.  Let you the first on the
 Endulge!


 Wait just

 After some thought, some questions arise.  What about, for example, with
 Programs from?  Should we now always use the 'long' addressing, also
 if we wish to access bank 0?  Of course not - but you can
 If technologies. Listing 1 shows a few small transfer routines.
 First, a range of 'normal' memory (is let's take a part
 the Screenrams for demonstration purposes) copied to the SuperRAM.  Then
 this still moved to another storage area, and finally
 coming back to bank 0 - on the screen.  If technologies you can
 instead of $ 0400 $ 000 400 write too!  However, one may at the lowest
 64K, you can forgo the long-Addressing also because the processor,
 if he finds only a 16-bit address, stored using bank assumes 0. 

 What now but, if you will, for example, constantly refer to as bank 3?  One
 brings a wide range of values ??everywhere from memory, but bank 3 is frequently
 used - by linearly addressed memory is so beautiful, but still $ 03XXXX
 tap is not exactly the cream of the crop.  Therefore, there is the
 Possibility, banking bytes that the processor automatically before the address
 depends if there is none specified, pretend.  As I said, it is
 usually 0 - but that can Change!  This namely 0 is in
 so-called Data bank register.  Whenever one, with an address of 2 bytes
 whether absolute, indexed or indirect, works that SuperCPU adds front
 the 0 from the data bank register on - the Program Counter is finally 3
 Bytes.  The exceptions are the stack and the Direct Page - which are always
 no matter what is in the data bank register in Bank 0.  To pack the Databank
 Change to register, there's the commands PHB and PLB.  So you always goes over
 the stack.  So to get register in the Data Bank, a 3, writes
 you:


 LDA # $ 03

 PHA

 PLB


 And already, the data bank register = 3 Attention!  Now refers to any
 Standard two-byte address on bank 3!  An INC $ 2000, for example, now increases
 the byte in $ 032 000!  By skillfully expose the data bank register can
 Make the Most of memory operations even without the long 24-bit addresses
 Run - but you can also let's ... as it suits.  To some
 PC programmer runs it safe cold down his back, because the
 Segmentation of the memory is there also in 64K large areas sometimes
 quite a cramp - and forward-looking in spite of the
 Intel technology.  When SuperCPU you can but depending on your needs
 directly access any memory location or the Data Bank
 Put registers on the 64K bank on which it is currently accessing the most -
 if this is not anyway Bank 0.  Only one must pay attention to you: A STA
 $ D020 causes a write access after $ 03D020 when the data bank register
 = 3 - so do not be surprised if the border color to it does not change!  That does
 then only when specified with STA $ 00D020 that it is in an address
 Bank 0 is - how should the CPU know that too otherwise.  Also you must
 know that it is not for all the commands a Long Addressing: For
 Although we use LDA and STA unrestrictedly, as AND and the other
 Links, ADC and SBC, but not eg INC or ROL.  But this is
 hardly a disadvantage, because such values ??one has anyway mostly in the Zero Page
 or in bank 0 Another thing it is when all you programs in a
 another bank run is possible as 0 - for the SuperCPU no problem.  There are also
 we also -. later Listing 2 shows firstonce dealing with the Data
 Bank register.  This carries by the way its name from the fact that it is only on
 Data refers to - a JMP $ 1000 refers as before to $ 001000 also
 if in the data bank register is registered as bank 6!


 Over all limits?

 A simpler question is whether one about the supposed boundary
 Bank also comes when you, for example, accesses with $ FFFF, X and X-register
 a 1 or higher is.  The answer is plain works das. Because in
 Unlike other concepts of memory allocation is at the SuperCPU
 the subdivision into benches really only there for the programmer's life
 easier.  Therefore, you also need to when indexing no
 To worry: A LDA $ 02FFFF, X with X = 1, logically, gets the value
 $ 030 thousandth 

 Alright, that should be for this time's been back first.  In the next part
 learn your how quickly all with the help of the block-move instructions
 Storage areas through the area transferred, and as a crowning glory, there's a
 small routine that run a regular music at $ 1000 is possible - but at
 $ 021 000 ...

 In the following, the last part of our SuperCPU course there is then a
 Complete Facts about all of the new commands, their opcodes and clock cycles.[5~



(w) Malte Mundt

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